For any­one involved in risk assess­ment and con­trol, there are always ques­tions regard­ing the amount of force it takes to injure a per­son. As soon as we decided that hurt­ing people when they were work­ing or using our products was not OK, clev­er people wanted to know what the lim­its were on forces applied to people. In the US mil­it­ary, these ques­tions applied to air­men fly­ing mil­it­ary fight­ers, and sub­mar­iners fight­ing below the sur­face. Divers that were used for tac­tic­al actions and for sal­vage, repair and recov­ery mis­sions needed to know how deep they could dive and for how long.

A study was done by the US mil­it­ary in the 1950’s regard­ing the forces that could be applied to the human body. Because volun­teers were hard to come by, cada­vers were used to test the forces neces­sary to punc­ture skin, lacer­ate tis­sues, and ampu­tate or crush vari­ous parts of the body. These tests were also done with pig cada­vers. It was shown that cada­vers don’t behave the same way live people do, and that the forces and speeds were highly vari­able.

Since those days, sci­ent­ists and engin­eers have con­tin­ued to study these ques­tions. A key applic­a­tion that is bring­ing this work to the fore­front is col­lab­or­at­ive robot­ics. The indus­tri­al applic­a­tions are many, from using the speed and dis­crim­in­a­tion of robots to aid humans in assembly tasks, to the strength and pre­ci­sion that robots can add to a work task.

Collaborative Robots – early years

In the early 2000s, research­ers were work­ing with ways to lim­it speeds, forces and joint torques to try to pro­tect work­ers. I made a little video mashup to give you an idea of where things were then.

One import­ant area for future devel­op­ment out­side of industry is in health­care. There are many applic­a­tions where robots can offer humans help, includ­ing sur­gery and patient care. Patient care work­ers often suf­fer back injur­ies from assist­ing patients to get in and out of bed or to the toi­let. There are manu­al hoists that can be used for these pur­poses, but to use them a patient care work­er is needed every time. Patient care work is often very intim­ate, since patients may need sig­ni­fic­ant help to bathe or toi­let prop­erly.

A col­lab­or­at­ive health­care robot could be used in these cases instead of a human work­er, bring­ing extra speed and strength, and elim­in­at­ing the chance of injury or abuse by or to the patient and the patient care work­er. Here are a few examples of the types of assist­ance I’m think­ing about as I write.

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Health­care is cer­tain to be a grow­ing area for these types of per­son­al assist­ance robots.

Today’s applications

Since then, the poten­tial for all kinds of phys­ic­al forms of col­lab­or­at­ive robots have developed. Here’s anoth­er short video mashup of where things are today.

More information needed

All of this work is great, but com­ing back to in injury pre­ven­tion is key. The Boston Dynam­ics Spot Mini is great at avoid­ing hit­ting people and objects, but there are many applic­a­tions where robot-to-per­son con­tact is neces­sary. ISO/TC 199 star­ted a pro­ject in 2012 to devel­op a new stand­ard to help guide machine design­ers with respect to the level of force that can be tol­er­ated by people.

Led by Pro­fess­or Yoji Yamada from Nareda Uni­ver­sity in Japan, ISO/TC 199/WG12, Human-machine inter­ac­tions, is near­ing the end of devel­op­ment for ISO 21260, Safety of machinery — Mech­an­ic­al safety data for phys­ic­al con­tacts between mov­ing machinery or mov­ing parts of machinery and per­sons.

ISO 21260 is now at the inter­na­tion­al review stage, so I can tell you a bit more about the stand­ard. If you are inter­ested in review­ing the stand­ard and sub­mit­ting com­ments to the com­mit­tee regard­ing the work, your Nation­al Stand­ards Body can help you do that. In Canada, the Stand­ards Coun­cil of Canada oper­ates the review portal. In the USA, ANSI oper­ates the review portal, and in EU mem­ber states, the indi­vidu­al coun­tries oper­ate their own ISO/IEC related review portals.

ISO 21260 Scope

The scope of a stand­ard tells you what the stand­ard cov­ers, and may also provide spe­cif­ic exclu­sions.

1 Scope

This doc­u­ment spe­cifies force and energy-related lim­its for phys­ic­al con­tacts between the machine or parts of the machine and people that are caused by the move­ment of the machine or parts of the machine as part of its inten­ded use or fore­see­able mis­use.

It defines lim­its that meet the cri­ter­ia for “inher­ently safe design by phys­ic­al aspects” (see ISO 12100:2010, 6.2.2.2).

This doc­u­ment cov­ers all types of machines that are designed to func­tion where people can be present and the machine can make phys­ic­al con­tact with those people.

This doc­u­ment deals with con­tact between machines or parts of a machine and people dur­ing their nor­mal inter­ac­tion as part of their func­tion and con­tact not neces­sary for the func­tion­ing of the machine. It encom­passes inter­ac­tions that are inten­tion­al or unin­ten­tion­al.

This doc­u­ment is lim­ited to defin­ing threshold val­ues to avoid harm caused by phys­ic­al con­tact

This doc­u­ment does not cov­er effects from con­tact due to

• burn­ing
• elec­tric­al shock
• cut­ting or any risk due to con­tact with a dan­ger­ous tool used or sup­por­ted by the machine
• addi­tion­al effects due to the con­tact caus­ing a fall.

The focus of the stand­ard is on assist­ing design­ers to apply the first level of the Hier­archy of Con­trols; Inher­ently Safe Design. The stand­ard deals spe­cific­ally with forces applied by the machine, and not to any thermal or elec­tric­al effects, all of which require more study.

Since the stand­ard is still in devel­op­ment, ISO has not com­mit­ted to pub­lic­a­tion date. It is reas­on­able to expect the first edi­tion to be pub­lished in 2020, so fol­low the RSS feed for the doc­u­ment to stay on top of devel­op­ments, or check the ISO doc­u­ment page now and then.

ISO/TS 15066 – Collaborative Robots

This stand­ard is one of two doc­u­ments that are destined to hold import­ant places as we devel­op closer phys­ic­al rela­tion­ships with our robot­ic cre­ations. The second doc­u­ment was developed by ISO/TC 299, Robot­ics, and is cur­rently an ISO Tech­nic­al Spe­cific­a­tion (TS). ISO/TS doc­u­ments are used by Tech­nic­al Com­mit­tees to pub­lish inform­a­tion that is believed to be import­ant to the sec­tor served by a TC, but which has not yet developed to the stage where it can be stand­ard­ized. ISO/TS 15066:2016, Robots and robot­ic devices – Col­lab­or­at­ive robots, applies to indus­tri­al robot sys­tems as described in ISO 10218?1 and ISO 10218?2. It does not apply to non-indus­tri­al robots, although the safety prin­ciples presen­ted can be use­ful to oth­er areas of robot­ics. The doc­u­ment spe­cifies safety require­ments for col­lab­or­at­ive indus­tri­al robot sys­tems and the work envir­on­ment and sup­ple­ments the require­ments and guid­ance on col­lab­or­at­ive indus­tri­al robot oper­a­tion giv­en in ISO 10218?1 and ISO 10218?2.

If you are involved in the devel­op­ment of col­lab­or­at­ive robots, these doc­u­ments are required read­ing. They will also be use­ful to any­one design­ing col­lab­or­at­ive robot­ic applic­a­tions since the force lim­its will be very help­ful dur­ing risk assess­ment of the applic­a­tion.

If I can answer any ques­tions regard­ing the doc­u­ments or their devel­op­ment, please feel free to drop me an email or leave a com­ment below.

Series Nav­ig­a­tion

Under­stand­ing the Hier­archy of Con­trols